Imagism And Ezra Pound Essays - Imagists, Imagism, Ezra Pound

Imagism and Ezra Pound Ezra Pound was one of the greatest poets of the modern era, creating a literary movement known as "imagism." Pound coined the term in 1912 to assist Hilda Doolittle (H.D.) in the marketing of some of her poems. Doolittle was an unknown author, and Pound decided that her work would be accepted more easily if she were identified with a group of poets (Dettmar/Watt), such as Richard Aldington and F.S. Flint ("Imagists"). Imagists focused mainly on the "clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images" ("Imagism"). T.E. Hulme's critical views inspired the movement, as imagists were revolting against the "careless thinking and Romantic optimism" Hulme generally saw ("Imagists"). Imagism also drew on Chinese and Japanese influences ("Ezra Pound," Andover). Another important "imagist," if you will, was Amy Lowell. When she read Doolittle's poems in publication, Lowell believed that her "identity as a poet had been defined." As an aspiring poet, she now had to "define" herself in relation to the new movement (Dettmar/Watt). Besides inventing an intriguing name for the movement, Pound used two additional strategies in the marketing and advertising of the movement. Lowell was fascinated that the name of the movement was actually French, Imagisme. Pound's goal was to distinguish imagists from symbolists, but most believed the name insinuated a relationship with French poets like Baudelaire and Mallarme. The second attempt at differentiating the imagist movement from others was the suggestion that the movement had some kind of "mysterious ingredient or quality that only the user of the product can appreciate" (Dettmar/Watt). In Pound's own words "an image is an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time." Thus the meaning is tied to "a feeling" as a consequence of an event (Terrell, 18). The following are six rules from an Imagist manifesto: 1. To use the language of common speech, but to employ the exact word, not the nearly-exact, nor the merely decorative word. 2. We believe that the individuality of a poet may often be better expressed in free verse than in conventional forms. In poetry, a new cadence means a new idea. 3. Absolute freedom in the choice of subject. 4. To present an image. We are not a school of painters, but we believe that poetry should render particulars exactly and not deal in vague generalities, however magnificent and sonorous. It is for this reason that we oppose the cosmic poet, who seems to us to shirk the real difficulties of his art. 5. To produce a poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred nor indefinite. 6. Finally, most of us believe that concentration is of the very essence of poetry. ("Imagists") These words were used to describe how a true imagist should have written, so that the poetry would appeal to the population, not to only a select few. As a result of Pound's new movement, there was absolutely no way he could control the use of the imagism technique. Obviously he could not patent the new term. "Would-be" imagists with bad verse became more of a problem than critics of the free-verse rhythms. In 1914, when Pound first met Lowell, he initially welcomed her, introducing her to several authors and publishing one of her poems in his Des Imagistes (1914). However, later Pound believed that Lowell's poetry was not "direct and concise enough to exemplify imagist technique" (Dettmar/Watt). Lowell soon began using her wealth as a way to establish connections in the industry and take over leadership of the movement. Pound could not match Lowell in this respect. He soon dropped the term "imagism" and gave Lowell's movement the name "Amygism." Pound also refused to contribute to Lowell's second "imagiste" anthology (Dettmar/Watt). Becoming unhappy with the turn that his original movement was taking, Ezra Pound began an improved version of imagism called "vorticism." Again, he presented H.D.'s poetry as the essence of the movement. Critics have observed that the real difference between imagism and vorticism was that "the latter movement distinguished Pound from the mediocre artists who had overtaken imagism." Pound was determined to keep what he called "our little gang" an elite group (Dettmar/Watt). Perhaps the first true imagist poem, "In a Station of the Metro," was one of the finest to come out of the period.

Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays

Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights h Laboratory animals The use of laboratory animals is important to three main areas: biomedical research, product safety testing, and education. Biomedical researchers use animals to extend their understanding of the workings of the body and the processes of disease and health, and to develop new vaccines and treatments for various diseases. The research these people do isnt only for human benefit; it is also helping to develop veterinary techniques. The industry uses animals to test the effectiveness and safety of many consumer products, such as cosmetics, household cleaning products, pesticides, chemicals, and drugs. Educators, from elementary school all the way up to college, use animals as parts of the teaching process, including dissecting worms, and frogs in science classes to medical students using animals to learn surgical techniques. Scientists study animals to learn more about certain species: its history, its psychological and social behaviors, and its skills. If the animals are kept in captivity, they can be caused pain that isnt natural part of its environment. A number of organizations wish to replace and reduce the number of animals being used or, at the very least, lessen the pain. Rats and mice make up 85-90% of animals used in research, education, and testing. Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, and non-human primates are studied as well. Dogs and Cats make up about 1% of research animals. The certain animal depends on what is being studied. The majority of rats and mice are bred specifically for research. Half of the dogs and cats that are used are bred for that purpose too. Animal dealers are the primary source for the rest. Animal dealers must be licensed by the USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture and have to obey the standards of care set up by the Animal Welfare Act. h Alternatives to Animal Testing Alternative methods fall into three main categories, also known as the three Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement is when animals are replaced, either by absolute replacement, which is when an animal is completely replaced, or by relative replacement, just cells and tissues are used, instead of the whole animal. Replacement isnt always an option although, for those animals that do undergo testing, scientists try to lessen the pain and make the animals more comfortable. Replacement isnt considered an option anymore-it has become daily. A few years ago, when a woman wanted to find out whether or not she was pregnant, she had to stop at a laboratory and get a test that involved killing a rabbit. Nowadays, she can buy and over-the-counter kit that tests her for certain chemicals. Computers are a new high-tech method of replacement. For example, dissection on a computer model instead of real, live frogs, which I would prefer! People are becoming increasingly popular when it comes time for the needs for volunteers for new facial and skin products. Reduction is the second method involves sharing research animals. For one example, if one scientist doing a study on the lungs of a sheep, when it comes time to kill the sheep he will allow the others to use his kidneys, liver or heart. Refinement being the third choice means to reduce any pain and suffering that the animal is going through. Techniques that are less hostile to the animal can also be considered refinement. Researchers can use ultrasound or an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to see what is going on inside the animal instead of cutting into it. The cosmetics industry, which 20 years ago tested all its products on animals has come so close to stopping using animals. Many companies have reduced the use of whole-animal testing by 80 V 90%. Some have eliminated it completely. Since the 80s many companies have put serious amounts of money and effort into a search for alternatives for animal testing. Plus, most ingredients that are being used today have already been tested on an animal and have shown to be safe. h What kinds of tests are being done? The chronic-toxicity tests assess the effects of long-term exposure, often at low levels, to certain subjects. Acute-toxicity tests evaluate the risk of short-term exposure, accidental contact with eyes, skin and indigestion. There have two